AfghanistanDari Persian, Pashtu (both official), other Turkic and minor languagesAlbaniaAlbanian (Tosk is the official dialect), GreekAlgeriaArabic (official), French, Berber dialectsAndorraCatalán (official), French, Castilian, PortugueseAngolaPortuguese (official), Bantu and other African languagesAntigua and BarbudaEnglish (official), local dialectsArgentinaSpanish (official), English, Italian, German, FrenchArmeniaArmenian 98%, Yezidi, RussianAustraliaEnglish 79%, native and other languagesAustriaGerman (official nationwide); Slovene, Croatian, Hungarian (each official in one region)AzerbaijanAzerbaijani Turkic 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)BahamasEnglish (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)BahrainArabic, English, Farsi, UrduBangladeshBangla (official), EnglishBarbadosEnglishBelarusBelorussian (White Russian), Russian, otherBelgiumDutch (Flemish) 60%, French 40%, German less than 1% (all official)BelizeEnglish (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), CreoleBeninFrench (official), Fon, Yoruba, tribal languagesBhutanDzongkha (official), Tibetan dialects (among Bhotes), Nepalese dialects (among Nepalese)BoliviaSpanish, Quechua, Aymara (all official)Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnian, Croatian, SerbianBotswanaEnglish 2% (official), Setswana 78%, Kalanga 8%, Sekgalagadi 3%, other (2001)BrazilPortuguese (official), Spanish, English, FrenchBruneiMalay (official), English, ChineseBulgariaBulgarian 85%, Turkish 10%, Roma 4%Burkina FasoFrench (official); native African (Sudanic) languages 90%BurundiKirundi and French (official), SwahiliCambodiaKhmer 95% (official), French, EnglishCameroonFrench, English (both official); 24 major African language groupsCanadaEnglish 59.3%, French 23.2% (both official); other 17.5%Cape VerdePortuguese, CriuoloCentral African RepublicFrench (official), Sangho (lingua franca, national), tribal languagesChadFrench, Arabic (both official); Sara; more than 120 languages and dialectsChileSpanishChinaStandard Chinese (Mandarin/Putonghua), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languagesColombiaSpanishComorosArabic and French (both official), Shikomoro (Swahili/Arabic blend)Congo, Democratic Republic of theFrench (official), Lingala, Kingwana, Kikongo, TshilubaCongo, Republic ofFrench (official), Lingala, Monokutuba, Kikongo, many local languages and dialectsCosta RicaSpanish (official), EnglishCôte d’IvoireFrench (official) and African languages (Dioula esp.)CroatiaCroatian 96% (official), other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, German)CubaSpanishCyprusGreek, Turkish (both official); EnglishCzech RepublicCzechDenmarkDanish, Faroese, Greenlandic (Inuit dialect), German; English is the predominant second languageDjiboutiFrench and Arabic (both official), Somali, AfarDominicaEnglish (official) and French patoisDominican RepublicSpanishEast TimorTetum, Portuguese (official); Bahasa Indonesia, English; other indigenous languages, including Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and KemakEcuadorSpanish (official), Quechua, other Amerindian languagesEgyptArabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classesEl SalvadorSpanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)Equatorial GuineaSpanish, French (both official); pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, IboEritreaAfar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languagesEstoniaEstonian 67% (official), Russian 30%, other (2000)EthiopiaAmharic, Tigrigna, Orominga, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, English, over 70 othersFijiEnglish (official), Fijian, HindustaniFinlandFinnish 92%, Swedish 6% (both official); small Sami- (Lapp) and Russian-speaking minoritiesFranceFrench 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects (Provençal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)GabonFrench (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, BandjabiGambiaEnglish (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenousGeorgiaGeorgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azerbaijani 6%, other 7% (Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia)GermanyGermanGhanaEnglish (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)GreeceGreek 99% (official), English, FrenchGrenadaEnglish (official), French patoisGuatemalaSpanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)GuineaFrench (official), native tongues (Malinké, Susu, Fulani)Guinea-BissauPortuguese (official), Criolo, African languagesGuyanaEnglish (official), Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, UrduHaitiCreole and French (both official)HondurasSpanish (official), Amerindian dialects; English widely spoken in businessHungaryMagyar (Hungarian) 94%, other 6%IcelandIcelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spokenIndiaHindi 30%, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Kannada, Assamese, Sanskrit, Sindhi (all official); Hindi/Urdu; 1,600+ dialectsIndonesiaBahasa Indonesia (official), English, Dutch, Javanese, and more than 580 other languages and dialectsIranPersian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%IraqArabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, ArmenianIrelandEnglish, Irish (Gaelic) (both official)IsraelHebrew (official), Arabic, EnglishItalyItalian (official); German-, French-, and Slovene-speaking minoritiesJamaicaEnglish, Jamaican CreoleJapanJapaneseJordanArabic (official), EnglishKazakhstanKazak (Qazaq, state language) 64%; Russian (official, used in everyday business) 95% (2001 est.)KenyaEnglish (official), Swahili (national), and numerous indigenous languagesKiribatiEnglish (official), I-Kiribati (Gilbertese)Korea, NorthKoreanKorea, SouthKorean, English widely taughtKosovoAlbanian (official), Serbian (official), Bosnian, Turkish, RomaKuwaitArabic (official), EnglishKyrgyzstanKyrgyz, Russian (both official)LaosLao (official), French, English, various ethnic languagesLatviaLatvian 58% (official), Russian 38%, Lithuanian, other (2000)LebanonArabic (official), French, English, ArmenianLesothoEnglish, Sesotho (both official); Zulu, XhosaLiberiaEnglish 20% (official), some 20 ethnic-group languagesLibyaArabic, Italian, and English widely understood in major citiesLiechtensteinGerman (official), Alemannic dialectLithuaniaLithuanian 82% (official), Russian 8%, Polish 6% (2001)LuxembourgLuxermbourgish (national) French, German (both administrative)MacedoniaMacedonian 67%, Albanian 25% (both official); Turkish 4%, Roma 2%, Serbian 1% (2002)MadagascarMalagasy and French (both official)MalawiChichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998)MalaysiaBahasa Melayu (Malay, official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; several indigenous languages (including Iban, Kadazan) in East MalaysiaMaldivesMaldivian Dhivehi (official); English spoken by most government officialsMaliFrench (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languagesMaltaMaltese and English (both official)Marshall IslandsMarshallese 98% (two major dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family), English widely spoken as a second language (both official); JapaneseMauritaniaHassaniya Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, WolofMauritiusEnglish less than 1% (official), Creole 81%, Bojpoori 12%, French 3% (2000)MexicoSpanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languagesMicronesiaEnglish (official, common), Chukese, Pohnpeian, Yapase, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, KapingamarangiMoldovaMoldovan (official; virtually the same as Romanian), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)MonacoFrench (official), English, Italian, MonégasqueMongoliaMongolian, 90%; also Turkic and Russian (1999)MontenegroSerbian/Montenegrin (Ijekavian dialect—official)MoroccoArabic (official), Berber dialects, French often used for business, government, and diplomacyMozambiquePortuguese 9% (official; second language of 27%), Emakhuwa 26%, Xichangana 11%, Elomwe 8%, Cisena 7%, Echuwabo 6%, other Mozambican languages 32% (1997)MyanmarBurmese, minority languagesNamibiaEnglish 7% (official), Afrikaans is common language of most of the population and of about 60% of the white population, German 32%; indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, NamaNauruNauruan (official), EnglishNepalNepali 48% (official), Maithali 12%, Bhojpuri 7%, Tharu 6%, Tamang 5%, others. English spoken by many in government and business (2001)NetherlandsDutch, Frisian (both official)New ZealandEnglish, Maori (both official)NicaraguaSpanish 98% (official); English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast (1995)NigerFrench (official), Hausa, DjermaNigeriaEnglish (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Ibo, Fulani, and more than 200 othersNorwayBokmål Norwegian, Nynorsk Norwegian (both official); small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities (Sami is official in six municipalities)OmanArabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialectsPakistanUrdu 8%, English (both official); Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, Burushaski, and others 8%PalauPalauan 64.7%, English 9.4%, Sonsoralese, Tobi, Angaur (each official on some islands), Filipino 13.5%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000)Palestinian State (proposed)Arabic, Hebrew, EnglishPanamaSpanish (official), English 14%, many bilingualPapua New GuineaTok Pisin (Melanesian Pidgin, the lingua franca), Hiri Motu (in Papua region), English 1%–2%; 715 indigenous languagesParaguaySpanish, Guaraní (both official)PeruSpanish, Quéchua (both official); Aymara; many minor Amazonian languagesPhilippinesFilipino (based on Tagalog), English (both official); eight major dialects: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and PangasinensePolandPolish 98% (2002)PortugalPortuguese (official), Mirandese (official, but locally used)QatarArabic (official); English a common second languageRomaniaRomanian (official), Hungarian, GermanRussiaRussian, othersRwandaKinyarwanda, French, and English (all official); Kiswahili in commercial centersSt. Kitts and NevisEnglishSt. LuciaEnglish (official), French patoisSt. Vincent and the GrenadinesEnglish, French patoisSamoaSamoan, EnglishSan MarinoItalianSão Tomé and PríncipePortuguese (official)Saudi ArabiaArabicSenegalFrench (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, MandinkaSerbiaSerbian (official); Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, and Croatian (all official in Vojvodina); Albanian (official in Kosovo)SeychellesSeselwa Creole 92%, English 5%, French (all official) (2002)Sierra LeoneEnglish (official), Mende (southern vernacular), Temne (northern vernacular), Krio (lingua franca)SingaporeMandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000)SlovakiaSlovak 84% (official), Hungarian 11%, Roma 2%, Ukrainian 1% (2001)SloveniaSlovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 5% (2002)Solomon IslandsEnglish 1%–2% (official), Melanesian pidgin (lingua franca), 120 indigenous languagesSomaliaSomali (official), Arabic, English, ItalianSouth AfricaIsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2%South SudanEnglish (official), Arabic (includes Juba and Sudanese variants) (official), regional languages include Dinka, Nuer, Bari, Zande, ShillukSpainCastilian Spanish 74% (official nationwide); Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% (each official regionally)Sri LankaSinhala 74% (official and national), Tamil 18% (national), other 8%; English is commonly used in government and spoken competently by about 10%SudanArabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, EnglishSurinameDutch (official), Surinamese (lingua franca), English widely spoken, Hindustani, JavaneseSwazilandEnglish, siSwati (both official)SwedenSwedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minoritiesSwitzerlandGerman 64%, French 20%, Italian 7% (all official); Romansch 0.5% (national)SyriaArabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understoodTaiwanChinese (Mandarin, official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialectsTajikistanTajik (official), Russian widely used in government and businessTanzaniaSwahili, English (both official); Arabic; many local languagesThailandThai (Siamese), English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialectsTogoFrench (official, commerce); Ewé, Mina (south); Kabyé, Dagomba (north); and many dialectsTongaTongan (an Austronesian language), EnglishTrinidad and TobagoEnglish (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, ChineseTunisiaArabic (official, commerce), French (commerce)TurkeyTurkish (official), Kurdish, Dimli, Azeri, KabardianTurkmenistanTurkmen 72%; Russian 12%; Uzbek 9%, other 7%TuvaluTuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)UgandaEnglish (official), Ganda or Luganda, other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, ArabicUkraineUkrainian 67%, Russian 24%, Romanian, Polish, HungarianUnited Arab EmiratesArabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, UrduUnited KingdomEnglish, Welsh, Scots GaelicUnited StatesEnglish 82%, Spanish 11% (2000)UruguaySpanish, Portunol, or BrazileroUzbekistanUzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%VanuatuBislama 23% (a Melanesian pidgin English), English 2%, French 1% (all 3 official); more than 100 local languages 73%Vatican City (Holy See)Italian, Latin, French, various other languagesVenezuelaSpanish (official), numerous indigenous dialectsVietnamVietnamese (official); English (increasingly favored as a second language); some French, Chinese, Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)Western Sahara (proposed state)Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan ArabicYemenArabicZambiaEnglish (official); major vernaculars: Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga; about 70 other indigenous languagesZimbabweEnglish (official), Shona, Ndebele (Sindebele), numerous minor tribal dialects
